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The evolving landscape of tissue-agnostic therapies in precision oncology.

文献信息

DOI10.3322/caac.21844
PMID38814103
期刊CA: a cancer journal for clinicians
影响因子232.4
JCR 分区Q1
发表年份2024
被引次数27
关键词免疫疗法、精准肿瘤学、靶向治疗、组织无关治疗、肿瘤无关药物开发
文献类型Journal Article, Review, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN0007-9235
页码433-452
期号74(5)
作者Vivek Subbiah, Mohamed A Gouda, Bettina Ryll, Howard A Burris, Razelle Kurzrock

一句话小结

肿瘤无关治疗的兴起标志着肿瘤学的一次重大转变,侧重于针对特定遗传异常的治疗,而非传统的依赖肿瘤来源或位置的分类。通过批准如帕博利珠单抗等新型免疫治疗和靶向疗法,这一 paradigm shift 不仅为晚期实体瘤患者带来了新的希望,也为个性化医疗的发展奠定了基础。

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免疫疗法 · 精准肿瘤学 · 靶向治疗 · 组织无关治疗 · 肿瘤无关药物开发

摘要

肿瘤无关治疗代表了肿瘤学中的一场范式转变,改变了基于肿瘤起源或位置进行分类的传统方式。相反,这些治疗集中于特定的遗传异常,这些异常是促进恶性生长的根本原因。2017年,美国食品药品管理局(FDA)历史性地批准了免疫检查点抑制剂帕博利珠单抗,标志着肿瘤无关治疗的关键时刻。这一里程碑事件标志着基因组学和免疫学领域的结合,因为一种免疫治疗药物的批准是基于基因组生物标志物,特别是微卫星不稳定性高(MSI-H)或错配修复缺陷(dMMR)。随后,针对NTRK基因融合的NTRK抑制剂的批准,进一步强调了肿瘤无关治疗的潜力,这些基因融合在包括儿童癌症和成人实体瘤在内的多种肿瘤类型中普遍存在。美国食品药品管理局对靶向疗法(BRAF V600E、RET融合)、免疫疗法(肿瘤突变负荷≥每兆碱基10个突变、dMMR)以及一种抗体-药物偶联物(Her2阳性-免疫组织化学3+表达)的批准,继续为面临特定生物标志物的晚期实体瘤患者带来了新的希望。在这篇综合评述中,作者深入探讨了组织无关靶点和药物的广阔领域,阐明了这一方法背后的理论基础、所面临的挑战、目前已批准的疗法、来自患者倡导视角的声音以及未来令人期待的前景。这是肿瘤学领域的一次欢迎进展,超越了组织学和位置的界限,为患者提供个性化的治疗选择。

英文摘要

Tumor-agnostic therapies represent a paradigm shift in oncology by altering the traditional means of characterizing tumors based on their origin or location. Instead, they zero in on specific genetic anomalies responsible for fueling malignant growth. The watershed moment for tumor-agnostic therapies arrived in 2017, with the US Food and Drug Administration's historic approval of pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor. This milestone marked the marriage of genomics and immunology fields, as an immunotherapeutic agent gained approval based on genomic biomarkers, specifically, microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR). Subsequently, the approval of NTRK inhibitors, designed to combat NTRK gene fusions prevalent in various tumor types, including pediatric cancers and adult solid tumors, further underscored the potential of tumor-agnostic therapies. The US Food and Drug Administration approvals of targeted therapies (BRAF V600E, RET fusion), immunotherapies (tumor mutational burden ≥10 mutations per megabase, dMMR) and an antibody-drug conjugate (Her2-positive-immunohistochemistry 3+ expression) with pan-cancer efficacy have continued, offering newfound hope to patients grappling with advanced solid tumors that harbor particular biomarkers. In this comprehensive review, the authors delve into the expansive landscape of tissue-agnostic targets and drugs, shedding light on the rationale underpinning this approach, the hurdles it faces, presently approved therapies, voices from the patient advocacy perspective, and the tantalizing prospects on the horizon. This is a welcome advance in oncology that transcends the boundaries of histology and location to provide personalized options.

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主要研究问题

  1. 在肿瘤无关疗法的研究中,如何评估不同基因异常对治疗效果的影响?
  2. 目前有哪些最新的临床试验正在评估肿瘤无关治疗的有效性和安全性?
  3. 除了已经批准的药物外,还有哪些潜在的肿瘤无关靶点正在被研究?
  4. 患者在接受肿瘤无关疗法时,如何应对可能的副作用和治疗反应?
  5. 各种肿瘤无关疗法的成本效益分析如何影响其在临床上的应用?

核心洞察

研究背景和目的

肿瘤无关治疗(tumor-agnostic therapies)代表了肿瘤学领域的一次范式转变。这种治疗方法不再基于肿瘤的来源或位置进行分类,而是聚焦于特定的遗传异常,这些异常是导致恶性肿瘤生长的关键因素。本文旨在全面回顾肿瘤无关治疗的现状,探讨其发展历程、现有疗法、面临的挑战以及未来的潜在前景。

主要方法/材料/实验设计

本文采用文献综述的方式,系统总结了肿瘤无关治疗的相关研究和临床应用。重点介绍了几种已获批准的肿瘤无关疗法及其作用机制。

Mermaid diagram

关键结果和发现

  1. 批准的肿瘤无关疗法

    • Pembrolizumab:基于微卫星不稳定性高(MSI-H)或错配修复缺陷(dMMR)的基因标志物获批。
    • NTRK抑制剂:针对存在NTRK基因融合的多种肿瘤类型,包括儿童癌症和成人实体瘤。
    • 其他靶向疗法和免疫疗法也获得批准,标志着个性化治疗的进步。
  2. 患者倡导者的声音:患者的反馈和需求为肿瘤无关治疗的发展提供了重要的视角和动力。

主要结论/意义/创新性

肿瘤无关治疗通过超越组织学和位置的界限,为患者提供了个性化的治疗选择。这一创新方法结合了基因组学和免疫学,为晚期实体瘤患者带来了新的希望。随着更多基于生物标志物的疗法的批准,肿瘤无关治疗的潜力正在逐步被挖掘和实现。

研究局限性和未来方向

  1. 局限性

    • 当前的研究和批准的疗法主要集中在特定的生物标志物上,尚未覆盖所有可能的肿瘤类型。
    • 对于不同患者群体的反应和耐受性仍需进一步研究。
  2. 未来方向

    • 需要扩大研究范围,探索更多生物标志物和相应的治疗策略。
    • 加强对患者反馈的收集,以指导未来的研究和临床实践。

总体而言,肿瘤无关治疗的出现为癌症治疗领域带来了革命性的变化,展现了基于个体遗传特征进行精准治疗的可能性。

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