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mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation.

文献信息

DOI10.1038/s41573-021-00283-5
PMID34433919
期刊Nature reviews. Drug discovery
影响因子101.8
JCR 分区Q1
发表年份2021
被引次数582
关键词mRNA疫苗, 感染性疾病, 脂质纳米颗粒
文献类型Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Review
ISSN1474-1776
页码817-838
期号20(11)
作者Namit Chaudhary, Drew Weissman, Kathryn A Whitehead

一句话小结

本综述探讨了信使RNA(mRNA)疫苗的发展历程及其在COVID-19大流行中的应用,强调了其在快速、安全地预防传染病方面的重要性。研究指出,尽管已有显著进展,但仍需优化mRNA设计和递送系统,以扩展其在其他疾病预防中的潜力。

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mRNA疫苗 · 感染性疾病 · 脂质纳米颗粒

摘要

在过去几十年中,信使RNA(mRNA)疫苗从一个引发怀疑的理念发展为临床现实。2020年,COVID-19大流行催化了历史上最快的疫苗开发,其中mRNA疫苗在这些努力中处于前沿。尽管现在已经明确mRNA疫苗能够迅速且安全地保护患者免受传染病的侵害,但仍需要进一步研究以优化mRNA的设计、细胞内递送及其在SARS-CoV-2预防之外的应用。在本综述中,我们描述了mRNA疫苗背后的技术,重点介绍脂质纳米颗粒和其他非病毒递送载体。我们还概述了针对各种传染病病原体的mRNA疫苗研发进展,并讨论了未来应用这一突破性疫苗平台的关键问题。

英文摘要

Over the past several decades, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have progressed from a scepticism-inducing idea to clinical reality. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic catalysed the most rapid vaccine development in history, with mRNA vaccines at the forefront of those efforts. Although it is now clear that mRNA vaccines can rapidly and safely protect patients from infectious disease, additional research is required to optimize mRNA design, intracellular delivery and applications beyond SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis. In this Review, we describe the technologies that underlie mRNA vaccines, with an emphasis on lipid nanoparticles and other non-viral delivery vehicles. We also overview the pipeline of mRNA vaccines against various infectious disease pathogens and discuss key questions for the future application of this breakthrough vaccine platform.

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主要研究问题

  1. mRNA疫苗在不同感染性疾病中的应用潜力如何,尤其是除了SARS-CoV-2之外的病原体?
  2. 在mRNA疫苗的设计和开发过程中,哪些技术创新是最关键的?
  3. 脂质纳米颗粒在mRNA疫苗递送中的作用有哪些,是否存在其他有效的非病毒递送工具?
  4. 针对mRNA疫苗的临床转化,未来的研究方向和挑战是什么?
  5. 如何评估mRNA疫苗的长期安全性和有效性,特别是在不同人群中的表现?

核心洞察

研究背景和目的

信使RNA(mRNA)疫苗在过去几十年中从一个备受质疑的概念发展成为临床现实。2020年COVID-19大流行加速了疫苗的开发,mRNA疫苗在这一进程中发挥了重要作用。尽管mRNA疫苗已被证明能够快速且安全地保护患者免受传染病的影响,但仍需进一步研究以优化mRNA设计、细胞内递送和在SARS-CoV-2以外的应用。

主要方法/材料/实验设计

本综述详细描述了mRNA疫苗的技术基础,包括mRNA的设计与合成,以及相关的递送技术。递送系统的优化是当前研究的重点。

Mermaid diagram

关键结果和发现

  1. mRNA疫苗的结构:mRNA由5'帽、5'非翻译区、编码抗原的开放阅读框、3'非翻译区和多腺苷酸尾组成。
  2. 递送系统的创新:脂质纳米颗粒(LNP)是最先进的mRNA递送系统,能够有效保护和递送mRNA。
  3. 临床试验进展:在COVID-19疫苗的开发中,Pfizer-BioNTech和Moderna的mRNA疫苗显示出超过90%的有效性,并且在不同年龄和健康状况的群体中表现出良好的耐受性。

主要结论/意义/创新性

mRNA疫苗技术的成功为未来应对新兴传染病和其他健康挑战提供了新的可能性。mRNA疫苗的设计和递送技术的进步,使得这些疫苗在速度、成本和效果上具备了显著优势。此外,mRNA疫苗平台的验证,激发了对其在预防和治疗其他疾病(如癌症和自身免疫疾病)应用的广泛兴趣。

研究局限性和未来方向

  1. 研究局限性:当前的mRNA疫苗主要针对病毒,针对其他病原体(如细菌和寄生虫)的研究仍处于起步阶段。
  2. 未来方向
    • 需要开发更为稳定的mRNA疫苗,以便在温暖或缺乏冷链设施的地区使用。
    • 探索针对快速变异病原体的疫苗设计策略。
    • 继续优化递送系统,以提高疫苗在不同人群中的免疫反应。

表格总结

研究要素主要内容
研究背景和目的探讨mRNA疫苗的技术基础及其在传染病中的应用。
主要方法/材料/实验设计设计抗原、体外转录、纯化、与脂质混合形成LNP、过滤和储存。
关键结果和发现mRNA疫苗有效性超过90%,LNP递送系统为主流,显示出良好的耐受性。
主要结论/意义/创新性mRNA疫苗技术成功,为应对新兴传染病提供了新的可能性,激发对其他疾病应用的兴趣。
研究局限性和未来方向针对其他病原体的研究不足,未来需开发更稳定的疫苗,优化递送系统,探索针对变异病原体的设计策略。

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