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Parkinson disease.

文献信息

DOI10.1038/nrdp.2017.13
PMID28332488
期刊Nature reviews. Disease primers
影响因子60.6
JCR 分区Q1
发表年份2017
被引次数2136
文献类型Journal Article, Review
ISSN2056-676X
页码17013
期号3()
作者Werner Poewe, Klaus Seppi, Caroline M Tanner, Glenda M Halliday, Patrik Brundin, Jens Volkmann, Anette-Eleonore Schrag, Anthony E Lang

一句话小结

帕金森病是一种常见的神经退行性疾病,主要由于黑质神经元丧失导致多巴胺缺乏,其相关的非运动症状和复杂的分子机制使得早期诊断和治疗具有挑战性。研究表明,利用神经影像学技术可帮助识别早期病症,且针对α-突触核蛋白聚集的治疗策略为未来的疾病修饰疗法提供了新的方向。

摘要

帕金森病是第二常见的神经退行性疾病,影响65岁及以上人群的2-3%。黑质神经元的丧失导致纹状体多巴胺缺乏,以及细胞内包含α-突触核蛋白聚集体的内含物是帕金森病的神经病理学特征。中枢和外周自主神经系统中的多种其他细胞类型也可能从早期疾病开始就受到影响。虽然临床诊断依赖于运动迟缓及其他主要运动特征的存在,但帕金森病与许多非运动症状相关,这些症状会增加整体残疾程度。其潜在的分子发病机制涉及多个途径和机制:α-突触核蛋白的蛋白稳态、线粒体功能、氧化应激、钙稳态、轴突运输和神经炎症。近期对诊断生物标志物的研究利用了神经影像学,在该领域的多种技术,包括正电子发射断层扫描(PET)、单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)以及新型MRI技术,已被证明有助于早期和鉴别诊断。帕金森病的治疗以药物替代纹状体多巴胺为基础,同时也采取非多巴胺类的方法来解决运动和非运动症状,并对那些出现顽固性L-DOPA相关运动并发症的患者进行深部脑刺激。实验性疗法尝试通过基因和细胞基础的方法恢复纹状体多巴胺,最近,α-突触核蛋白的聚集和细胞运输已成为治疗靶点。目前面临的最大挑战之一是识别前驱病阶段的标志物,这将使得新的疾病修饰疗法能够更早启动。

英文摘要

Parkinson disease is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder that affects 2-3% of the population ≥65 years of age. Neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, which causes striatal dopamine deficiency, and intracellular inclusions containing aggregates of α-synuclein are the neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson disease. Multiple other cell types throughout the central and peripheral autonomic nervous system are also involved, probably from early disease onwards. Although clinical diagnosis relies on the presence of bradykinesia and other cardinal motor features, Parkinson disease is associated with many non-motor symptoms that add to overall disability. The underlying molecular pathogenesis involves multiple pathways and mechanisms: α-synuclein proteostasis, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, axonal transport and neuroinflammation. Recent research into diagnostic biomarkers has taken advantage of neuroimaging in which several modalities, including PET, single-photon emission CT (SPECT) and novel MRI techniques, have been shown to aid early and differential diagnosis. Treatment of Parkinson disease is anchored on pharmacological substitution of striatal dopamine, in addition to non-dopaminergic approaches to address both motor and non-motor symptoms and deep brain stimulation for those developing intractable L-DOPA-related motor complications. Experimental therapies have tried to restore striatal dopamine by gene-based and cell-based approaches, and most recently, aggregation and cellular transport of α-synuclein have become therapeutic targets. One of the greatest current challenges is to identify markers for prodromal disease stages, which would allow novel disease-modifying therapies to be started earlier.

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主要研究问题

  1. 帕金森病的早期症状有哪些,如何与其他神经退行性疾病区分?
  2. 除了药物治疗,帕金森病的非药物治疗方法有哪些,效果如何?
  3. α-突触核蛋白在帕金森病发病机制中扮演了怎样的角色?
  4. 当前有哪些新兴的生物标志物可以用于帕金森病的早期诊断?
  5. 深脑刺激治疗对帕金森病患者的长期效果和风险评估如何?

核心洞察

研究背景和目的

帕金森病是第二常见的神经退行性疾病,影响65岁及以上人群的2-3%。该病的病理特征包括黑质神经元丧失和α-突触核蛋白聚集。虽然帕金森病以运动症状为主,但也伴随多种非运动症状,严重影响患者生活质量。本文旨在综述帕金森病的流行病学、病理机制、临床诊断、治疗方法及未来研究方向。

主要方法/材料/实验设计

本研究综合了流行病学数据、神经影像学、分子生物学及临床观察,采用以下流程图展示研究设计:

Mermaid diagram

关键结果和发现

  1. 流行病学:帕金森病的年发病率因人群和地区差异而异,整体发病率约为0.3%,80岁以上人群超过3%。
  2. 病理机制:涉及α-突触核蛋白的聚集、线粒体功能障碍、氧化应激、钙稳态失衡、轴突运输障碍和神经炎症等多条病理途径。
  3. 临床诊断:以运动症状(如运动迟缓、僵直、震颤)为基础,结合影像学和生物标志物的应用来提高诊断的准确性。
  4. 治疗方法:主要以药物替代疗法(如左旋多巴)为主,结合非多巴胺能治疗和深脑刺激等新技术,改善患者的生活质量。

主要结论/意义/创新性

帕金森病的治疗已取得显著进展,特别是在药物替代和深脑刺激技术方面。然而,目前尚无治愈方法,病程仍然是进行性的。未来的研究需集中于早期识别和干预,以减缓疾病进展,改善患者的整体生活质量。

研究局限性和未来方向

研究的局限性在于缺乏有效的早期诊断生物标志物,且目前的治疗方法仍无法根治疾病。未来的研究方向应聚焦于:

  1. 开发新的生物标志物,以便早期识别帕金森病。
  2. 探索针对病理机制的新型治疗方法,包括基因治疗和细胞移植。
  3. 加强对非运动症状的研究,以改善患者的整体生活质量。

综上所述,帕金森病的研究正在朝着更全面的方向发展,未来的研究将有助于改善患者的预后和生活质量。

引用本文的文献

  1. Magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. - Beatrice Heim;Florian Krismer;Roberto De Marzi;Klaus Seppi - Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) (2017)
  2. The implication of neuronimmunoendocrine (NIE) modulatory network in the pathophysiologic process of Parkinson's disease. - Yan Shen;Xingfang Guo;Chao Han;Fang Wan;Kai Ma;Shiyi Guo;Luxi Wang;Yun Xia;Ling Liu;Zhicheng Lin;Jinsha Huang;Nian Xiong;Tao Wang - Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS (2017)
  3. Crosstalk and Interplay between the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Autophagy. - Chang Hoon Ji;Yong Tae Kwon - Molecules and cells (2017)
  4. Progress toward an integrated understanding of Parkinson's disease. - Maxime W C Rousseaux;Joshua M Shulman;Joseph Jankovic - F1000Research (2017)
  5. Mild Inflammatory Profile without Gliosis in the c-Rel Deficient Mouse Modeling a Late-Onset Parkinsonism. - Vanessa Porrini;Mariana Mota;Edoardo Parrella;Arianna Bellucci;Marina Benarese;Lara Faggi;Paolo Tonin;Pier F Spano;Marina Pizzi - Frontiers in aging neuroscience (2017)
  6. Expression patterns of key Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway components in the developing and adult mouse midbrain and in the MN9D cell line. - Melanie Feuerstein;Enaam Chleilat;Shokoufeh Khakipoor;Konstantinos Michailidis;Christian Ophoven;Eleni Roussa - Cell and tissue research (2017)
  7. The Oligomer Hypothesis in α-Synucleinopathy. - Kenjiro Ono - Neurochemical research (2017)
  8. Alterations in the reduced pteridine contents in the cerebrospinal fluids of LRRK2 mutation carriers and patients with Parkinson's disease. - Hiroshi Ichinose;Ken-Ichi Inoue;Shinobu Arakawa;Yuki Watanabe;Hiroki Kurosaki;Shoko Koshiba;Eldbjorg Hustad;Masahiko Takada;Jan O Aasly - Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) (2018)
  9. Alpha-Synuclein to the Rescue: Immune Cell Recruitment by Alpha-Synuclein during Gastrointestinal Infection. - Viviane Labrie;Patrik Brundin - Journal of innate immunity (2017)
  10. On the integrity of functional brain networks in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and advanced age: Evidence from connectivity-based single-subject classification. - Rachel N Pläschke;Edna C Cieslik;Veronika I Müller;Felix Hoffstaedter;Anna Plachti;Deepthi P Varikuti;Mareike Goosses;Anne Latz;Svenja Caspers;Christiane Jockwitz;Susanne Moebus;Oliver Gruber;Claudia R Eickhoff;Kathrin Reetz;Julia Heller;Martin Südmeyer;Christian Mathys;Julian Caspers;Christian Grefkes;Tobias Kalenscher;Robert Langner;Simon B Eickhoff - Human brain mapping (2017)

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