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Alzheimer's disease.

文献信息

PMID26921134
期刊Lancet (London, England)
发表年份2016
被引次数1416
关键词阿尔茨海默病, 生物标志物, 影像学技术, 前临床阶段, 生活方式干预
文献类型Journal Article, Review
ISSN0140-6736
页码505-17
期号388(10043)
作者Philip Scheltens, Kaj Blennow, Monique M B Breteler, Bart de Strooper, Giovanni B Frisoni, Stephen Salloway, Wiesje Maria Van der Flier

一句话小结

尽管全球痴呆症发病率上升,西方国家因血管护理改善和脑健康提升而可能有所下降,阿尔茨海默病的研究正逐渐摆脱传统的淀粉样假说,关注与年龄相关的多种因素及早期阶段的生物标志物。新兴的生物标志物和成像技术如Tau PET可能为鉴别诊断提供新视角,而生活方式干预与抗阿尔茨海默治疗的结合有望为未来的预防和治疗策略带来积极成果。

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阿尔茨海默病 · 生物标志物 · 影像学技术 · 前临床阶段 · 生活方式干预

摘要

尽管全球痴呆症的患病率持续上升,但西方国家的发病率可能由于血管护理的改善和脑健康的提升而有所下降。阿尔茨海默病是痴呆症最常见的原因,其定义仍然基于淀粉样蛋白和tau蛋白的共同存在,但研究人员正逐渐远离原始淀粉样假说中提出的简单线性因果关系假设。与疾病核心机制相互作用的可能是与年龄相关的保护因素和促进疾病的因素。淀粉样β42和tau蛋白是已确立的核心脑脊液生物标志物;新兴的候选生物标志物包括淀粉样β寡聚体和突触标记物。MRI和氟脱氧葡萄糖PET是诊断阿尔茨海默病的成熟成像技术。淀粉样PET在临床领域逐渐受到重视,但其有效性和成本效益仍需进一步确立。Tau PET可能提供新的见解,并在鉴别诊断和患者选拔试验中给予极大帮助。在寻找理解疾病机制和治疗关键的过程中,研究越来越向疾病的早期阶段发展。预临床阿尔茨海默病的定义是认知健康个体中存在阿尔茨海默病病理变化的生物标志物证据。主观认知下降的患者被认为是寻找预临床阿尔茨海默病的有用人群。针对非痴呆老年患者的多种生活方式因素的干预措施取得了适度的积极成果,而在预痴呆阿尔茨海默病中降低淀粉样蛋白的中期结果也显示出适度的积极性,这表明,未来可能会出现将特定的抗阿尔茨海默治疗与针对整体脑健康的生活方式干预相结合,共同对抗这种疾病的局面。在本次研讨会上,我们讨论了阿尔茨海默病研究的主要进展。

英文摘要

Although the prevalence of dementia continues to increase worldwide, incidence in the western world might have decreased as a result of better vascular care and improved brain health. Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent cause of dementia, is still defined by the combined presence of amyloid and tau, but researchers are gradually moving away from the simple assumption of linear causality as proposed in the original amyloid hypothesis. Age-related, protective, and disease-promoting factors probably interact with the core mechanisms of the disease. Amyloid β42, and tau proteins are established core cerebrospinal biomarkers; novel candidate biomarkers include amyloid β oligomers and synaptic markers. MRI and fluorodeoxyglucose PET are established imaging techniques for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid PET is gaining traction in the clinical arena, but validity and cost-effectiveness remain to be established. Tau PET might offer new insights and be of great help in differential diagnosis and selection of patients for trials. In the search for understanding the disease mechanism and keys to treatment, research is moving increasingly into the earliest phase of disease. Preclinical Alzheimer's disease is defined as biomarker evidence of Alzheimer's pathological changes in cognitively healthy individuals. Patients with subjective cognitive decline have been identified as a useful population in whom to look for preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Moderately positive results for interventions targeting several lifestyle factors in non-demented elderly patients and moderately positive interim results for lowering amyloid in pre-dementia Alzheimer's disease suggest that, ultimately, there will be a future in which specific anti-Alzheimer's therapy will be combined with lifestyle interventions targeting general brain health to jointly combat the disease. In this Seminar, we discuss the main developments in Alzheimer's research.

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主要研究问题

  1. 阿尔茨海默病的早期生物标志物有哪些,如何在临床中应用?
  2. 生活方式干预在阿尔茨海默病预防中的具体作用是什么?
  3. 在阿尔茨海默病的诊断中,tau PET与传统成像技术相比有哪些优势?
  4. 目前针对阿尔茨海默病的临床试验主要集中在哪些治疗方法上?
  5. 认知健康个体中主观认知下降的患者如何被用于阿尔茨海默病的早期筛查?

核心洞察

1. 研究背景和目的

随着全球老年人口的增加,痴呆症的患病率持续上升,然而在西方国家,由于改善了血管护理和脑健康,痴呆症的发病率可能有所下降。阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease)是最常见的痴呆症类型,传统上通过淀粉样蛋白(amyloid)和tau蛋白的结合存在来定义。然而,研究者们正逐渐摆脱最初淀粉样假说所提出的简单线性因果关系的假设,探索与疾病核心机制相互作用的年龄相关、保护性和促进疾病的因素。因此,本研究旨在总结阿尔茨海默病领域的最新发展,特别是在生物标志物、成像技术和早期干预的研究中。

2. 主要方法和发现

本研究通过回顾现有文献,综合不同的生物标志物和成像技术,探讨阿尔茨海默病的诊断及干预方法。目前,淀粉样蛋白β42和tau蛋白是公认的核心脑脊液生物标志物,而淀粉样蛋白β寡聚体和突触标志物被提议作为新的候选生物标志物。影像学方面,MRI和氟脱氧葡萄糖PET已成为阿尔茨海默病的标准诊断工具,而淀粉样蛋白PET正在临床中获得关注,但其有效性和成本效益仍需进一步验证。tau PET可能会为差异诊断提供新见解。在早期疾病机制的探索中,研究逐渐聚焦于“预临床阿尔茨海默病”,即在认知正常的个体中发现的阿尔茨海默病病理改变的生物标志物证据。

3. 核心结论

预临床阿尔茨海默病的研究显示,主观认知下降的患者群体是寻找该病的有用人群。针对非痴呆老年人的生活方式干预的初步结果显示出适度的积极效果,同时,对早期阿尔茨海默病患者降低淀粉样蛋白的干预也显示出一定的临床前景。这表明,未来可能会出现结合特定抗阿尔茨海默病治疗与针对一般脑健康的生活方式干预的综合策略。

4. 研究意义和影响

本研究强调了阿尔茨海默病研究的多样性,尤其是在生物标志物和早期干预方面的最新进展。随着对疾病机制理解的深化,未来的治疗策略可能更加个性化和综合化,有助于延缓疾病的发展,提高患者的生活质量。这一发展不仅对医学界有重要意义,也为政策制定者和公众提供了关于老年人健康管理的新视角。

引用本文的文献

  1. CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor As Potential Target against Alzheimer's Disease. - Ester Aso;Isidro Ferrer - Frontiers in neuroscience (2016)
  2. DNA-PK Deficiency in Alzheimer's Disease. - Jyotshna Kanungo - Journal of neurology & neuromedicine (2016)
  3. Identification of learning-induced changes in protein networks in the hippocampi of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. - E Ferreira;D M Shaw;S Oddo - Translational psychiatry (2016)
  4. Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: A Nested Case-Control Analysis. - Richard C Chou;Michael Kane;Sanjay Ghimire;Shiva Gautam;Jiang Gui - CNS drugs (2016)
  5. Effect of mouse strain as a background for Alzheimer's disease models on the clearance of amyloid-β. - Hisham Qosa;Amal Kaddoumi - Journal of systems and integrative neuroscience (2016)
  6. Cystatin C Shifts APP Processing from Amyloid-β Production towards Non-Amyloidgenic Pathway in Brain Endothelial Cells. - Xia-Fei Wang;Dong-Xin Liu;Yue Liang;Li-Li Xing;Wen-Hui Zhao;Xiao-Xue Qin;De-Shu Shang;Bo Li;Wen-Gang Fang;Liu Cao;Wei-Dong Zhao;Yu-Hua Chen - PloS one (2016)
  7. Therapies for Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. - J Mendiola-Precoma;L C Berumen;K Padilla;G Garcia-Alcocer - BioMed research international (2016)
  8. Putative Role of Red Wine Polyphenols against Brain Pathology in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. - Mario Caruana;Ruben Cauchi;Neville Vassallo - Frontiers in nutrition (2016)
  9. Characterization of FRM-36143 as a new γ-secretase modulator for the potential treatment of familial Alzheimer's disease. - Jean-François Blain;Matthew G Bursavich;Emily A Freeman;Lori A Hrdlicka;Hilliary E Hodgdon;Ting Chen;Don E Costa;Bryce A Harrison;Sudarshan Kapadnis;Deirdre A Murphy;Scott Nolan;Zhiming Tu;Cuyue Tang;Duane A Burnett;Holger Patzke;Gerhard Koenig - Alzheimer's research & therapy (2016)
  10. The mismatch negativity as an index of cognitive decline for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease. - Manuela Ruzzoli;Cornelia Pirulli;Veronica Mazza;Carlo Miniussi;Debora Brignani - Scientific reports (2016)

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