Appearance
Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly.
文献信息
| DOI | 10.1038/nature12517 |
|---|---|
| PMID | 23995685 |
| 期刊 | Nature |
| 影响因子 | 48.5 |
| JCR 分区 | Q1 |
| 发表年份 | 2013 |
| 被引次数 | 2507 |
| 关键词 | 脑类器官, 人类大脑发育, 小头畸形, 多能干细胞, 三维培养 |
| 文献类型 | Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| ISSN | 0028-0836 |
| 页码 | 373-9 |
| 期号 | 501(7467) |
| 作者 | Madeline A Lancaster, Magdalena Renner, Carol-Anne Martin, Daniel Wenzel, Louise S Bicknell, Matthew E Hurles, Tessa Homfray, Josef M Penninger, Andrew P Jackson, Juergen A Knoblich |
一句话小结
本研究开发了一种基于人类多能干细胞的三维大脑类器官培养系统,能够模拟人脑发育的多种脑区及其相互依赖关系,并成功重现了小头畸形的相关特征,显著推进了我们对脑部疾病机制的理解。这一成果为研究人脑疾病提供了新的体外模型,具有重要的科学和临床意义。
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脑类器官 · 人类大脑发育 · 小头畸形 · 多能干细胞 · 三维培养
摘要
人脑的复杂性使得在模型生物中研究许多脑部疾病变得困难,这突显了建立人脑发育的体外模型的必要性。在此,我们开发了一种源自人类多能干细胞的三维类器官培养系统,称为大脑类器官,它能够发育出多种独立但相互依赖的脑区。这些脑区包括含有前体细胞群体的大脑皮层,这些细胞群体能够组织并产生成熟的皮层神经元亚型。此外,研究表明大脑类器官能够重现人类皮层发育的特征,即具有丰富的外放射胶质干细胞的特征性前体区域组织。最后,我们利用RNA干扰和患者特异性诱导多能干细胞来模拟小头畸形,这是一种在小鼠模型中难以再现的疾病。我们展示了患者类器官中神经元的过早分化,这一缺陷可能有助于解释该疾病的表型。综上所述,这些数据表明,三维类器官能够重现发育与疾病,即使在这种最复杂的人体组织中也不例外。
英文摘要
The complexity of the human brain has made it difficult to study many brain disorders in model organisms, highlighting the need for an in vitro model of human brain development. Here we have developed a human pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional organoid culture system, termed cerebral organoids, that develop various discrete, although interdependent, brain regions. These include a cerebral cortex containing progenitor populations that organize and produce mature cortical neuron subtypes. Furthermore, cerebral organoids are shown to recapitulate features of human cortical development, namely characteristic progenitor zone organization with abundant outer radial glial stem cells. Finally, we use RNA interference and patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells to model microcephaly, a disorder that has been difficult to recapitulate in mice. We demonstrate premature neuronal differentiation in patient organoids, a defect that could help to explain the disease phenotype. Together, these data show that three-dimensional organoids can recapitulate development and disease even in this most complex human tissue.
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主要研究问题
- 脑类器官在模拟其他神经系统疾病方面的潜力如何?
- 采用脑类器官进行药物筛选的优势和局限性是什么?
- 微脑症的发病机制是否可以通过其他类型的干细胞模型进行验证?
- 脑类器官的开发对神经科学研究的未来方向有哪些影响?
- 如何优化脑类器官的培养条件以提高其生物学特性和功能性?
核心洞察
研究背景和目的
人脑的复杂性使得在模型生物中研究许多脑部疾病变得困难,因此需要一种体外模型来研究人脑发育。本文旨在开发一种基于人类多能干细胞的三维(3D)脑类器官培养系统,以模拟人类大脑的发育过程,并探讨其在微脑症模型中的应用。
主要方法/材料/实验设计
研究者们建立了一种新的培养系统,称为脑类器官,采用以下步骤生成和培养脑类器官:
- 细胞来源:使用人类胚胎干细胞(ESCs)或诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)。
- 胚胎体形成:细胞通过特定培养条件形成胚胎体。
- 神经外胚层诱导:在培养基中添加特定成分诱导神经外胚层形成。
- 3D培养:将神经外胚层嵌入Matrigel中以促进组织生长。
- 旋转生物反应器:在旋转生物反应器中培养以增强营养吸收和组织发育。
- 组织观察:通过组织学和免疫荧光染色分析脑类器官的形态和发育。
关键结果和发现
- 脑类器官的形成:研究者成功生成了包含多种脑区(如大脑皮层、脉络丛、视网膜等)的脑类器官。
- 神经细胞分化:脑类器官在发育过程中表现出特征性的神经细胞分化,显示出与人类大脑发育相似的组织结构。
- 微脑症模型:使用来自微脑症患者的iPSCs构建脑类器官,发现患者的脑类器官中神经元分化过早,导致神经前体细胞数量减少,支持了微脑症的发病机制。
主要结论/意义/创新性
本研究建立了一种新型的脑类器官培养系统,不仅能够再现人类大脑发育的基本机制,还能用于研究与人类神经发育相关的疾病,如微脑症。该方法为理解人类特有的神经发育过程和疾病机制提供了新的工具。
研究局限性和未来方向
- 局限性:当前的脑类器官尚未完全再现成熟大脑的复杂结构,特别是在血液供应和神经连接方面的限制。
- 未来方向:未来的研究可以集中在改进培养条件,以增强脑类器官的成熟度和功能性,并探索更多与人类神经疾病相关的模型。
参考文献
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引用本文的文献
- Developmental neuroscience: Miniature human brains. - Oliver Brüstle - Nature (2013)
- Stem cells: Small but beautiful. - Leonie Welberg - Nature reviews. Neuroscience (2013)
- Cerebral organoids in a dish: progress and prospects. - Marina Bershteyn;Arnold R Kriegstein - Cell (2013)
- Artificial three-dimensional niches deconstruct pancreas development in vitro. - Chiara Greggio;Filippo De Franceschi;Manuel Figueiredo-Larsen;Samy Gobaa;Adrian Ranga;Henrik Semb;Matthias Lutolf;Anne Grapin-Botton - Development (Cambridge, England) (2013)
- Stem cells: The developing human brain--modeled in a dish. - Erika Pastrana - Nature methods (2013)
- Engineering approaches to illuminating brain structure and dynamics. - Karl Deisseroth;Mark J Schnitzer - Neuron (2013)
- Progress in the genetics of polygenic brain disorders: significant new challenges for neurobiology. - Steven A McCarroll;Steven E Hyman - Neuron (2013)
- Evolving concepts of gliogenesis: a look way back and ahead to the next 25 years. - Marc R Freeman;David H Rowitch - Neuron (2013)
- Cortical evolution: judge the brain by its cover. - Daniel H Geschwind;Pasko Rakic - Neuron (2013)
- Precocious acquisition of neuroepithelial character in the eye field underlies the onset of eye morphogenesis. - Kenzo Ivanovitch;Florencia Cavodeassi;Stephen W Wilson - Developmental cell (2013)
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