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Double nicking by RNA-guided CRISPR Cas9 for enhanced genome editing specificity.
文献信息
| PMID | 23992846 |
|---|---|
| 期刊 | Cell |
| 影响因子 | 42.5 |
| JCR 分区 | Q1 |
| 发表年份 | 2013 |
| 被引次数 | 1753 |
| 关键词 | CRISPR Cas9, 基因组编辑, 特异性, 双链断裂, 引导RNA |
| 文献类型 | Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. |
| ISSN | 0092-8674 |
| 页码 | 1380-9 |
| 期号 | 154(6) |
| 作者 | F Ann Ran, Patrick D Hsu, Chie-Yu Lin, Jonathan S Gootenberg, Silvana Konermann, Alexandro E Trevino, David A Scott, Azusa Inoue, Shogo Matoba, Yi Zhang, Feng Zhang |
一句话小结
本研究提出了一种新的CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑策略,通过将Cas9切口酶突变体与成对引导RNA结合,显著降低了脱靶突变的发生,降低幅度可达50到1500倍,同时在小鼠受精卵中实现高效基因敲除。这一方法不仅提高了基因组编辑的特异性,还为需要高保真度的基因组编辑应用提供了新的可能性。
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CRISPR Cas9 · 基因组编辑 · 特异性 · 双链断裂 · 引导RNA
摘要
靶向基因组编辑技术已经使广泛的研究和医疗应用成为可能。微生物CRISPR-Cas系统中的Cas9核酸酶通过一个20个核苷酸的引导序列靶向特定的基因组位点,该引导序列可以容忍与DNA靶标的某些不匹配,从而促进不必要的脱靶突变。在这里,我们描述了一种将Cas9切口酶突变体与成对引导RNA结合的方案,以引入靶向双链断裂。由于基因组中的单个切口以高保真度修复,因此需要通过适当偏移的引导RNA进行同时切口,以实现双链断裂,并扩展靶向切割的特定识别碱基数量。我们证明,使用成对切口可以在细胞系中将脱靶活性降低50到1500倍,并且能够在小鼠受精卵中促进基因敲除,而不牺牲靶向切割效率。这一多功能策略使得需要高特异性的多种基因组编辑应用成为可能。
英文摘要
Targeted genome editing technologies have enabled a broad range of research and medical applications. The Cas9 nuclease from the microbial CRISPR-Cas system is targeted to specific genomic loci by a 20 nt guide sequence, which can tolerate certain mismatches to the DNA target and thereby promote undesired off-target mutagenesis. Here, we describe an approach that combines a Cas9 nickase mutant with paired guide RNAs to introduce targeted double-strand breaks. Because individual nicks in the genome are repaired with high fidelity, simultaneous nicking via appropriately offset guide RNAs is required for double-stranded breaks and extends the number of specifically recognized bases for target cleavage. We demonstrate that using paired nicking can reduce off-target activity by 50- to 1,500-fold in cell lines and to facilitate gene knockout in mouse zygotes without sacrificing on-target cleavage efficiency. This versatile strategy enables a wide variety of genome editing applications that require high specificity.
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主要研究问题
- 在使用双重切割的CRISPR Cas9技术时,如何选择合适的引导RNA以最大化特异性?
- 双重切割技术在不同类型细胞中的应用效果是否存在差异?如果有,具体表现如何?
- 针对双重切割技术的优化,是否有其他潜在的方法可以进一步减少脱靶效应?
- 除了基因敲除,双重切割技术在基因插入或修复方面的应用前景如何?
- 在小鼠胚胎中应用双重切割技术时,有哪些技术挑战和解决方案?
核心洞察
研究背景和目的
随着基因组编辑技术的发展,CRISPR-Cas9系统已成为生物医学研究和临床应用中的重要工具。然而,Cas9核酸酶在靶向特定基因组位点时,可能会导致不必要的脱靶突变。因此,本研究旨在提出一种新方法,通过结合Cas9切口酶突变体和成对的引导RNA,来提高基因组编辑的特异性,减少脱靶效应。
主要方法/材料/实验设计
本研究采用了成对引导RNA与Cas9切口酶的组合,具体实验设计如下:
- Cas9核酸酶选择:选择合适的Cas9切口酶突变体。
- 设计成对引导RNA:设计两条具有适当偏移的引导RNA,以确保在靶位点引发双链断裂。
- 转染细胞系:将构建的Cas9和引导RNA转染到细胞系中。
- 检测靶向双链断裂:评估双链断裂的效率。
- 评估脱靶效应:通过高通量测序等技术测定脱靶突变率。
- 小鼠胚胎基因敲除:在小鼠胚胎中应用该方法实现基因敲除。
关键结果和发现
- 成对引导RNA与Cas9切口酶的结合可以显著降低脱靶活性,减少50到1500倍。
- 在细胞系中,成功实现了高效的靶向双链断裂,同时保持了靶向切割的效率。
- 在小鼠胚胎中,该方法有效地促进了基因敲除。
| 结果 | 具体数据 |
|---|---|
| 脱靶活性降低 | 50-1500倍 |
| 靶向切割效率 | 高效 |
| 小鼠基因敲除成功率 | 显著提高 |
主要结论/意义/创新性
本研究提出的成对引导RNA与Cas9切口酶的组合策略,为基因组编辑提供了一种高特异性的解决方案,显著降低了脱靶效应。该方法不仅适用于基础研究,还可能在临床基因治疗中具有广泛应用前景,推动了基因组编辑技术的进一步发展。
研究局限性和未来方向
- 局限性:本研究主要在细胞系和小鼠模型中进行,未来需要在其他生物体和更复杂的生物系统中验证其有效性。
- 未来方向:建议进一步优化引导RNA设计,以提高其适用范围;同时,探索该方法在其他基因组编辑应用中的潜力,如基因修复和基因插入等。
通过以上研究,可以看出,成对引导RNA与Cas9切口酶的结合为基因组编辑提供了一种新颖且高效的工具,值得在更广泛的生物医学研究中推广应用。
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引用本文的文献
- A simplified and efficient germline-specific CRISPR/Cas9 system for Drosophila genomic engineering. - Zachary L Sebo;Han B Lee;Ying Peng;Yi Guo - Fly (2014)
- Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. - F Ann Ran;Patrick D Hsu;Jason Wright;Vineeta Agarwala;David A Scott;Feng Zhang - Nature protocols (2013)
- Analysis of off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas-derived RNA-guided endonucleases and nickases. - Seung Woo Cho;Sojung Kim;Yongsub Kim;Jiyeon Kweon;Heon Seok Kim;Sangsu Bae;Jin-Soo Kim - Genome research (2014)
- Phylogeny of Cas9 determines functional exchangeability of dual-RNA and Cas9 among orthologous type II CRISPR-Cas systems. - Ines Fonfara;Anaïs Le Rhun;Krzysztof Chylinski;Kira S Makarova;Anne-Laure Lécrivain;Janek Bzdrenga;Eugene V Koonin;Emmanuelle Charpentier - Nucleic acids research (2014)
- Effect of genetic variation in a Drosophila model of diabetes-associated misfolded human proinsulin. - Bin Z He;Michael Z Ludwig;Desiree A Dickerson;Levi Barse;Bharath Arun;Bjarni J Vilhjálmsson;Pengyao Jiang;Soo-Young Park;Natalia A Tamarina;Scott B Selleck;Patricia J Wittkopp;Graeme I Bell;Martin Kreitman - Genetics (2014)
- Newer gene editing technologies toward HIV gene therapy. - N Manjunath;Guohua Yi;Ying Dang;Premlata Shankar - Viruses (2013)
- megaTALs: a rare-cleaving nuclease architecture for therapeutic genome engineering. - Sandrine Boissel;Jordan Jarjour;Alexander Astrakhan;Andrew Adey;Agnès Gouble;Philippe Duchateau;Jay Shendure;Barry L Stoddard;Michael T Certo;David Baker;Andrew M Scharenberg - Nucleic acids research (2014)
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- Genetic screens in human cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. - Tim Wang;Jenny J Wei;David M Sabatini;Eric S Lander - Science (New York, N.Y.) (2014)
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