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Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant. ​

Literature Information ​

DOI10.1056/NEJMoa2119451
PMID35249272
JournalThe New England journal of medicine
Impact Factor78.5
JCR QuartileQ1
Publication Year2022
Times Cited1330
KeywordsCovid-19 Vaccine, Omicron Variant, Vaccine Effectiveness, Booster Dose, Symptomatic Disease
Literature TypeJournal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN0028-4793
Pages1532-1546
Issue386(16)
AuthorsNick Andrews, Julia Stowe, Freja Kirsebom, Samuel Toffa, Tim Rickeard, Eileen Gallagher, Charlotte Gower, Meaghan Kall, Natalie Groves, Anne-Marie O'Connell, David Simons, Paula B Blomquist, Asad Zaidi, Sophie Nash, Nurin Iwani Binti Abdul Aziz, Simon Thelwall, Gavin Dabrera, Richard Myers, Gayatri Amirthalingam, Saheer Gharbia, Jeffrey C Barrett, Richard Elson, Shamez N Ladhani, Neil Ferguson, Maria Zambon, Colin N J Campbell, Kevin Brown, Susan Hopkins, Meera Chand, Mary Ramsay, Jamie Lopez Bernal

TL;DR ​

This study assessed the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against symptomatic disease from the omicron and delta variants in England, revealing that primary immunization with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 offered limited protection against omicron. However, booster doses of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 significantly enhanced protection, though this effect diminished over time, highlighting the need for ongoing booster strategies in highly vaccinated populations.

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Covid-19 Vaccine · Omicron Variant · Vaccine Effectiveness · Booster Dose · Symptomatic Disease

Abstract ​

BACKGROUND A rapid increase in coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) cases due to the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in highly vaccinated populations has aroused concerns about the effectiveness of current vaccines.

METHODS We used a test-negative case-control design to estimate vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease caused by the omicron and delta (B.1.617.2) variants in England. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated after primary immunization with two doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca), or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine and after a booster dose of BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or mRNA-1273.

RESULTS Between November 27, 2021, and January 12, 2022, a total of 886,774 eligible persons infected with the omicron variant, 204,154 eligible persons infected with the delta variant, and 1,572,621 eligible test-negative controls were identified. At all time points investigated and for all combinations of primary course and booster vaccines, vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease was higher for the delta variant than for the omicron variant. No effect against the omicron variant was noted from 20 weeks after two ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 doses, whereas vaccine effectiveness after two BNT162b2 doses was 65.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 63.9 to 67.0) at 2 to 4 weeks, dropping to 8.8% (95% CI, 7.0 to 10.5) at 25 or more weeks. Among ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 primary course recipients, vaccine effectiveness increased to 62.4% (95% CI, 61.8 to 63.0) at 2 to 4 weeks after a BNT162b2 booster before decreasing to 39.6% (95% CI, 38.0 to 41.1) at 10 or more weeks. Among BNT162b2 primary course recipients, vaccine effectiveness increased to 67.2% (95% CI, 66.5 to 67.8) at 2 to 4 weeks after a BNT162b2 booster before declining to 45.7% (95% CI, 44.7 to 46.7) at 10 or more weeks. Vaccine effectiveness after a ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 primary course increased to 70.1% (95% CI, 69.5 to 70.7) at 2 to 4 weeks after an mRNA-1273 booster and decreased to 60.9% (95% CI, 59.7 to 62.1) at 5 to 9 weeks. After a BNT162b2 primary course, the mRNA-1273 booster increased vaccine effectiveness to 73.9% (95% CI, 73.1 to 74.6) at 2 to 4 weeks; vaccine effectiveness fell to 64.4% (95% CI, 62.6 to 66.1) at 5 to 9 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS Primary immunization with two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 vaccine provided limited protection against symptomatic disease caused by the omicron variant. A BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 booster after either the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 primary course substantially increased protection, but that protection waned over time. (Funded by the U.K. Health Security Agency.).

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Primary Questions Addressed ​

  1. What factors could contribute to the differences in vaccine effectiveness against the omicron variant compared to the delta variant?
  2. How do the long-term effects of the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 boosters compare in terms of protection against emerging variants beyond omicron?
  3. What are the implications of waning vaccine effectiveness over time for public health policies and booster vaccination strategies?
  4. How does the immune response generated by different vaccine combinations affect the overall effectiveness against various COVID-19 variants?
  5. What role do demographic factors, such as age and underlying health conditions, play in the observed vaccine effectiveness against the omicron variant?

Key Findings ​

Background and Objectives ​

The study investigates the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, particularly in highly vaccinated populations. Given the rapid increase in Omicron cases, the research aims to evaluate how well existing vaccines protect against symptomatic disease caused by both the Omicron and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants.

Main Methods/Materials/Experimental Design ​

The authors employed a test-negative case–control design, analyzing data from PCR-positive cases in England. They compared the vaccination status of symptomatic individuals infected with the Omicron or Delta variants to those who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. The study focused on vaccine effectiveness after two doses of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca), or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines, as well as after booster doses of the same vaccines.

Mermaid diagram

Key Results and Findings ​

  • A total of 886,774 individuals infected with Omicron, 204,154 with Delta, and 1,572,621 test-negative controls were analyzed.
  • Vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease was consistently higher for the Delta variant than for Omicron across all vaccination regimens.
  • After two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, there was negligible protection against Omicron after 20 weeks. In contrast, BNT162b2 showed an effectiveness of 65.5% (2-4 weeks) dropping to 8.8% (≥25 weeks).
  • Boosters significantly increased effectiveness, with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 providing substantial protection shortly after administration, although this also waned over time.

Main Conclusions/Significance/Innovation ​

The study concludes that primary immunization with two doses of either ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 offers limited protection against symptomatic disease caused by the Omicron variant. Booster doses significantly enhance protection but show a decline in effectiveness over time. These findings highlight the necessity for ongoing booster campaigns to maintain adequate immunity in the population.

Research Limitations and Future Directions ​

  • The study's observational nature limits the ability to infer causality and the potential for residual confounding.
  • The analysis did not assess protection against severe disease due to the low number of Omicron cases resulting in hospitalization.
  • Future research should focus on long-term effectiveness against severe disease and the duration of protection following booster vaccinations. Additionally, further studies are needed to understand the role of cellular immunity in protecting against variants.

References ​

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Literatures Citing This Work ​

  1. Behaviour, booster vaccines and waning immunity: modelling the medium-term dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in England in the Omicron era. - Rosanna C Barnard;Nicholas G Davies; ;Mark Jit;W John Edmunds - medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences (2022)
  2. Omicron: What Makes the Latest SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern So Concerning? - Christoph Jung;Dorota Kmiec;Lennart Koepke;Fabian Zech;Timo Jacob;Konstantin M J Sparrer;Frank Kirchhoff - Journal of virology (2022)
  3. Current evidence on efficacy of COVID-19 booster dose vaccination against the Omicron variant: A systematic review. - Santenna Chenchula;Padmavathi Karunakaran;Sushil Sharma;Madhavrao Chavan - Journal of medical virology (2022)
  4. Effect of mRNA Vaccine Boosters against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection in Qatar. - Laith J Abu-Raddad;Hiam Chemaitelly;Houssein H Ayoub;Sawsan AlMukdad;Hadi M Yassine;Hebah A Al-Khatib;Maria K Smatti;Patrick Tang;Mohammad R Hasan;Peter Coyle;Zaina Al-Kanaani;Einas Al-Kuwari;Andrew Jeremijenko;Anvar H Kaleeckal;Ali N Latif;Riyazuddin M Shaik;Hanan F Abdul-Rahim;Gheyath K Nasrallah;Mohamed Ghaith Al-Kuwari;Adeel A Butt;Hamad Eid Al-Romaihi;Mohamed H Al-Thani;Abdullatif Al-Khal;Roberto Bertollini - The New England journal of medicine (2022)
  5. Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 neutralizing activity elicited by a comprehensive panel of human vaccines. - John E Bowen;Kaitlin R Sprouse;Alexandra C Walls;Ignacio G Mazzitelli;Jennifer K Logue;Nicholas M Franko;Kumail Ahmed;Asefa Shariq;Elisabetta Cameroni;Andrea Gori;Alessandra Bandera;Christine M Posavad;Jennifer M Dan;Zeli Zhang;Daniela Weiskopf;Alessandro Sette;Shane Crotty;Najeeha Talat Iqbal;Davide Corti;Jorge Geffner;Renata Grifantini;Helen Y Chu;David Veesler - bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology (2022)
  6. SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Omicron surge among patients receiving dialysis: the role of circulating receptor-binding domain antibodies and vaccine doses. - Maria E Montez-Rath;Pablo Garcia;Jialin Han;LinaCel Cadden;Patti Hunsader;Curt Morgan;Russell Kerschmann;Paul Beyer;Mary Dittrich;Geoffrey A Block;Shuchi Anand;Julie Parsonnet;Glenn M Chertow - medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences (2022)
  7. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 against COVID-19 in adolescents. - Annabel A Powell;Freja Kirsebom;Julia Stowe;Kelsey McOwat;Vanessa Saliba;Mary E Ramsay;Jamie Lopez-Bernal;Nick Andrews;Shamez N Ladhani - The Lancet. Infectious diseases (2022)
  8. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Symptomatic Infections in Previously Infected or Vaccinated South African Healthcare Workers. - Marta C Nunes;Sthembile Mbotwe-Sibanda;Vicky L Baillie;Gaurav Kwatra;Ricardo Aguas;Shabir A Madhi; On Behalf Of The Wits Vida Hcw Study Group - Vaccines (2022)
  9. Global vaccination must be swifter. - Thomas J Bollyky;Jennifer Nuzzo;Noelle Huhn;Samantha Kiernan;Emily Pond - Nature (2022)
  10. Update on SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern and Its Peculiar Mutational Profile. - Mohammad Alkhatib;Romina Salpini;Luca Carioti;Francesca Alessandra Ambrosio;Stefano D'Anna;Leonardo Duca;Giosuè Costa;Maria Concetta Bellocchi;Lorenzo Piermatteo;Anna Artese;Maria Mercedes Santoro;Stefano Alcaro;Valentina Svicher;Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein - Microbiology spectrum (2022)

... (1320 more literatures)

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