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An update on the immune landscape in lung and head and neck cancers.
Literature Information
| DOI | 10.3322/caac.21630 |
|---|---|
| PMID | 32841388 |
| Journal | CA: a cancer journal for clinicians |
| Impact Factor | 232.4 |
| JCR Quartile | Q1 |
| Publication Year | 2020 |
| Times Cited | 88 |
| Keywords | hypopharyngeal neoplasms, laryngeal neoplasms, lung neoplasms, medical oncology |
| Literature Type | Journal Article, Review |
| ISSN | 0007-9235 |
| Pages | 505-517 |
| Issue | 70(6) |
| Authors | Jennifer W Carlisle, Conor E Steuer, Taofeek K Owonikoko, Nabil F Saba |
TL;DR
This review highlights the transformative impact of immunotherapy, particularly checkpoint inhibitors like nivolumab and pembrolizumab, in treating lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which are among the most prevalent and deadly cancers worldwide. It underscores the need for ongoing research into the effectiveness of these therapies in earlier disease stages and the identification of responsive patient populations, as well as the mechanisms of resistance to improve treatment outcomes.
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hypopharyngeal neoplasms · laryngeal neoplasms · lung neoplasms · medical oncology
Abstract
Immunotherapy has dramatically changed the treatment landscape for patients with cancer. Programmed death-ligand 1/programmed death-1 checkpoint inhibitors have been in the forefront of this clinical revolution. Currently, there are 6 US Food and Drug Administration-approved checkpoint inhibitors for approximately 18 different histologic types of cancer. Lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are 2 diseases that have led the way in the development of immunotherapy. Atezolizumab, durvalumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab are all currently used as part of standard-of-care treatment for different stages of lung cancer. Similarly, nivolumab and pembrolizumab have US regulatory approval as treatment for advanced metastatic HNSCC. This is significant because lung cancer represents the most common and most fatal cancer globally, and HNSCC is the sixth most common. Currently, most of the approvals for the use of immunotherapy agents are for patients diagnosed in the metastatic setting. However, research is ongoing to evaluate these drugs in earlier stage disease. There is plausible biological rationale to expect that pharmacologic activation of the immune system will be effective for early-stage and smaller tumors. In addition, selecting patients who are more likely to respond to immunotherapy and understanding why resistance develops are crucial areas of ongoing research. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of the current immune landscape and future directions in lung cancer and HNSCC.
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Primary Questions Addressed
- What are the emerging biomarkers that can predict response to immunotherapy in lung and head and neck cancers?
- How do the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy differ between lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma?
- What are the latest clinical trials exploring the use of immunotherapy in earlier stages of lung and head and neck cancers?
- How do combination therapies involving immunotherapy and traditional treatments affect outcomes in lung and head and neck cancers?
- What role does the tumor microenvironment play in the efficacy of immunotherapy for lung and head and neck cancers?
Key Findings
1. Research Background and Objective: The research focuses on the transformative role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment, particularly for lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). With the advent of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitors, a new standard of care has emerged for various cancers, significantly altering patient outcomes. The objective of this review is to provide an updated overview of the immune landscape in lung cancer and HNSCC, highlighting the current state of immunotherapy, ongoing research, and future directions for treatment.
2. Main Methods and Findings: The authors conducted a comprehensive review of the existing literature and clinical guidelines regarding immunotherapy agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They examined the efficacy of key checkpoint inhibitors such as atezolizumab, durvalumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab in treating different stages of lung cancer and advanced metastatic HNSCC. The findings indicate that while these immunotherapies are primarily approved for metastatic disease, there is growing interest and research into their application in earlier stages of cancer. The review also emphasizes the importance of biomarker identification for patient selection to optimize treatment outcomes and the need to understand mechanisms of resistance to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
3. Core Conclusions: The review underscores the significance of immunotherapy in improving survival rates for patients with lung cancer and HNSCC. Notably, there exists a biological rationale for utilizing these treatments in early-stage tumors, which could potentially enhance patient outcomes. However, the predominant focus of current immunotherapy approvals is on advanced disease, indicating a critical gap in research that needs to be addressed. The ongoing efforts to identify patient populations that are more likely to respond to immunotherapy and to comprehend the reasons behind treatment resistance are crucial for advancing the field.
4. Research Significance and Impact: This review is significant as it highlights the evolving landscape of cancer treatment through immunotherapy, particularly for two of the most prevalent cancer types globally. By identifying the need for further research into early-stage application and the mechanisms behind treatment resistance, the review sets the stage for future clinical trials and studies aimed at expanding the therapeutic benefits of immunotherapy. Ultimately, these insights could lead to improved treatment strategies, better patient selection, and enhanced survival rates for individuals diagnosed with lung cancer and HNSCC. The findings may also inspire future innovations in immunotherapy approaches across various cancer types.
Literatures Citing This Work
- Is There a Role for Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer? - Alessandro Rizzo;Veronica Mollica;Alessia Cimadamore;Matteo Santoni;Marina Scarpelli;Francesca Giunchi;Liang Cheng;Antonio Lopez-Beltran;Michelangelo Fiorentino;Rodolfo Montironi;Francesco Massari - Cells (2020)
- Recent updates on Sintilimab in solid tumor immunotherapy. - Xuhong Liu;Yong Yi - Biomarker research (2020)
- CCR4, CCR8, and P2RY14 as Prognostic Factors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Are Involved in the Remodeling of the Tumor Microenvironment. - Liangliang Meng;Xiaoxi He;Quan Hong;Bo Qiao;Xiao Zhang;Bin Wu;Xiaobo Zhang;Yingtian Wei;Jing Li;Zhaoxiang Ye;Yueyong Xiao - Frontiers in oncology (2021)
- The Prognostic Value of Circulating Soluble Programmed Death Ligand-1 in Cancers: A Meta-Analysis. - Pei Huang;Wei Hu;Ying Zhu;Yushen Wu;Huapeng Lin - Frontiers in oncology (2020)
- The Current Landscape of Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Metastatic Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. - Hong Yuan;Jing Liu;Jun Zhang - Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (2021)
- Molecular Characteristics, Prognostic Value, and Immune Characteristics of m6A Regulators Identified in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. - Xiuchao Geng;Yuhao Zhang;Zhaomu Zeng;Zhongrui Zhu;Hong Wang;Wentao Yu;Qiang Li - Frontiers in oncology (2021)
- Inhibition of LDH-A by Oxamate Enhances the Efficacy of Anti-PD-1 Treatment in an NSCLC Humanized Mouse Model. - Tianyun Qiao;Yanlu Xiong;Yangbo Feng;Wenwen Guo;Yongsheng Zhou;Jinbo Zhao;Tao Jiang;Changhong Shi;Yong Han - Frontiers in oncology (2021)
- YKT6, as a potential predictor of prognosis and immunotherapy response for oral squamous cell carcinoma, is related to cell invasion, metastasis, and CD8+ T cell infiltration. - Zongcheng Yang;Guangxing Yan;Lixin Zheng;Wenchao Gu;Fen Liu;Wei Chen;Xiujie Cui;Yue Wang;Yaling Yang;Xiyan Chen;Yue Fu;Xin Xu - Oncoimmunology (2021)
- Cytoplasmic Localization Isoform of Cyclin Y Enhanced the Metastatic Ability of Lung Cancer via Regulating Tropomyosin 4. - Xiaoting Zhao;Mei Jiang;Yu Teng;Jie Li;Zhefeng Li;Wende Hao;Hongyu Zhao;Chenghong Yin;Wentao Yue - Frontiers in cell and developmental biology (2021)
- Prognostic values and clinical relationship of TYK2 in laryngeal squamous cell cancer. - Lucheng Fang;Wen Wang;Licai Shi;Qinjuan Chen;Xingwang Rao - Medicine (2021)
... (78 more literatures)
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